For spirits distilling purposes, each time a water / alcohol mixture goes from its liquid state to gaseous state, this is phase change. The concentration principle is predicated upon the notion of positive feedback that occurs with multiple phase change cycles. To resolve this problem, the distiller can reduce the reflux ratio and thereby reduce the ABV of alcohol collected as finished distillate. On the other hand, when the head temperature drops below the ideal temperature to separate the ethanol and water, the concentration / ABV will be higher. Without an increase in reflux ratio (RR) the concentration / ABV of the distillate will decrease. If, for example, 90☌ / 194☏ is the optimal head temperature for your reflux still column to collect alcohol, if the temperature increases during the distillation, the distiller can increase the reflux ratio and thereby increase the amount of ABV being sent over to the product condenser. This also helps the distiller understand when to increase the reflux ratio in order to ensure that the requisite ABV is being rendered. Why do we need to know the relationship between the vapor temperature at the top of the apparatus and the boiling point? Because this relationship can help the distiller to determine the remaining amount of alcohol in the kettle. To ensure that you are getting optimal separation, it is recommended to slowly heat the kettle. As product collection during the run continues, the kettle temperatures gradually increase as the kettle charge composition changes. As the mixture begins to boil, the components with the lowest boiling point will begin to vaporize first (typically the highest ABV concentration). Since ethanol is infinitely miscible with water, the mixture’s boiling point will be somewhere between 78.4☌ / 173.1 and 100☌ / 212☏.
Under the normal atmospheric pressure, the water boiling point is 100☌ / 212☏, and the anhydrous (no water) ethanol is 78.4☌ / 173.1☏. Here are three useful ways that a distiller can monitor ABV progress throughout the run: A reflux column can consistently distill a high concentration of alcohol from a mixture that only has 8% or even 1% alcohol. Adjusting the reflux temperature can control the ABV, making it increase or decrease. Balancing the temperature and alcohol by volume (ABV) is important when managing the performance of the reflux column still. Understanding and managing a reflux still column is just one of the basic skills needed to operate distillery equipment.
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